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ASP.NET MVC actions support uploading of one or more files using simple model binding for smaller files or streaming for larger files.

Uploading small files with model binding

To upload small files, you can use a multi-part HTML form or construct a POST request using JavaScript. An example form using Razor, which supports multiple uploaded files, is shown below:

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Upload one or more files using this form:
 
        
      
 
     
 
     
 
      
 
        
      
 
     
 
    

In order to support file uploads, HTML forms must specify an enctype of multipart/form-data. The files input element shown above supports uploading multiple files. Omit the multiple attribute on this input element to allow just a single file to be uploaded. The above markup renders in a browser as:

The individual files uploaded to the server can be accessed through using the interface. IFormFile has the following structure:

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public interface IFormFile{    string ContentType { get; } string ContentDisposition { get; } IHeaderDictionary Headers { get; } long Length { get; } string Name { get; } string FileName { get; } Stream OpenReadStream(); void CopyTo(Stream target); Task CopyToAsync(Stream target, CancellationToken cancellationToken = null); }

Warning

Don't rely on or trust the FileName property without validation. The FileName property should only be used for display purposes.

When uploading files using model binding and the IFormFile interface, the action method can accept either a single IFormFile or an IEnumerable<IFormFile> (or List<IFormFile>) representing several files. The following example loops through one or more uploaded files, saves them to the local file system, and returns the total number and size of files uploaded.

Warning: The following code uses GetTempFileName, which throws an IOException if more than 65535 files are created without deleting previous temporary files. A real app should either delete temporary files or use GetTempPath and GetRandomFileName to create temporary file names. The 65535 files limit is per server, so another app on the server can use up all 65535 files.

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[HttpPost("UploadFiles")]public async Task
    
      Post(List
     
       files) { long size = files.Sum(f => f.Length); // full path to file in temp location var filePath = Path.GetTempFileName(); foreach (var formFile in files) { if (formFile.Length > 0) { using (var stream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create)) { await formFile.CopyToAsync(stream); } } } // process uploaded files // Don't rely on or trust the FileName property without validation. return Ok(new { count = files.Count, size, filePath}); }
     
    

Files uploaded using the IFormFile technique are buffered in memory or on disk on the web server before being processed. Inside the action method, the IFormFile contents are accessible as a stream. In addition to the local file system, files can be streamed to or .

To store binary file data in a database using Entity Framework, define a property of type byte[] on the entity:

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public class ApplicationUser : IdentityUser{    public byte[] AvatarImage { get; set; } }

Specify a viewmodel property of type IFormFile:

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public class RegisterViewModel{    // other properties omitted    public IFormFile AvatarImage { get; set; } }

Note

IFormFile can be used directly as an action method parameter or as a viewmodel property, as shown above.

Copy the IFormFile to a stream and save it to the byte array:

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// POST: /Account/Register[HttpPost][AllowAnonymous][ValidateAntiForgeryToken]public async Task
    
      Register(RegisterViewModel model) { ViewData["ReturnUrl"] = returnUrl; if (ModelState.IsValid) { var user = new ApplicationUser { UserName = model.Email, Email = model.Email }; using (var memoryStream = new MemoryStream()) { await model.AvatarImage.CopyToAsync(memoryStream); user.AvatarImage = memoryStream.ToArray(); } // additional logic omitted // Don't rely on or trust the model.AvatarImage.FileName property // without validation. }
    

Note

Use caution when storing binary data in relational databases, as it can adversely impact performance.

Uploading large files with streaming

If the size or frequency of file uploads is causing resource problems for the app, consider streaming the file upload rather than buffering it in its entirety, as the model binding approach shown above does. While using IFormFile and model binding is a much simpler solution, streaming requires a number of steps to implement properly.

Note

Any single buffered file exceeding 64KB will be moved from RAM to a temp file on disk on the server. The resources (disk, RAM) used by file uploads depend on the number and size of concurrent file uploads. Streaming isn't so much about perf, it's about scale. If you try to buffer too many uploads, your site will crash when it runs out of memory or disk space.

The following example demonstrates using JavaScript/Angular to stream to a controller action. The file's antiforgery token is generated using a custom filter attribute and passed in HTTP headers instead of in the request body. Because the action method processes the uploaded data directly, model binding is disabled by another filter. Within the action, the form's contents are read using a MultipartReader, which reads each individual MultipartSection, processing the file or storing the contents as appropriate. Once all sections have been read, the action performs its own model binding.

The initial action loads the form and saves an antiforgery token in a cookie (via the GenerateAntiforgeryTokenCookieForAjax attribute):

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[HttpGet][GenerateAntiforgeryTokenCookieForAjax]public IActionResult Index() { return View(); }

The attribute uses ASP.NET Core's built-in support to set a cookie with a request token:

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public class GenerateAntiforgeryTokenCookieForAjaxAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute{    public override void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext context) { var antiforgery = context.HttpContext.RequestServices.GetService
    
     (); // We can send the request token as a JavaScript-readable cookie, // and Angular will use it by default. var tokens = antiforgery.GetAndStoreTokens(context.HttpContext); context.HttpContext.Response.Cookies.Append( "XSRF-TOKEN", tokens.RequestToken, new CookieOptions() { HttpOnly = false }); } }
    

Angular automatically passes an antiforgery token in a request header named X-XSRF-TOKEN. The ASP.NET Core MVC app is configured to refer to this header in its configuration in Startup.cs:

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public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { // Angular's default header name for sending the XSRF token. services.AddAntiforgery(options => options.HeaderName = "X-XSRF-TOKEN"); services.AddMvc(); }

The DisableFormValueModelBinding attribute, shown below, is used to disable model binding for the Upload action method.

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[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Method)]public class DisableFormValueModelBindingAttribute : Attribute, IResourceFilter { public void OnResourceExecuting(ResourceExecutingContext context) { var factories = context.ValueProviderFactories; factories.RemoveType
    
     (); factories.RemoveType
     
      (); } public void OnResourceExecuted(ResourceExecutedContext context) { } }
     
    

Since model binding is disabled, the Upload action method doesn't accept parameters. It works directly with the Request property of ControllerBase. A MultipartReader is used to read each section. The file is saved with a GUID filename and the key/value data is stored in a KeyValueAccumulator. Once all sections have been read, the contents of the KeyValueAccumulator are used to bind the form data to a model type.

The complete Upload method is shown below:

Warning: The following code uses GetTempFileName, which throws an IOException if more than 65535 files are created without deleting previous temporary files. A real app should either delete temporary files or use GetTempPath and GetRandomFileName to create temporary file names. The 65535 files limit is per server, so another app on the server can use up all 65535 files.

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// 1. Disable the form value model binding here to take control of handling //    potentially large files.// 2. Typically antiforgery tokens are sent in request body, but since we //    do not want to read the request body early, the tokens are made to be // sent via headers. The antiforgery token filter first looks for tokens // in the request header and then falls back to reading the body. [HttpPost] [DisableFormValueModelBinding] [ValidateAntiForgeryToken] public async Task
    
      Upload() { if (!MultipartRequestHelper.IsMultipartContentType(Request.ContentType)) { return BadRequest($"Expected a multipart request, but got {Request.ContentType}"); } // Used to accumulate all the form url encoded key value pairs in the // request. var formAccumulator = new KeyValueAccumulator(); string targetFilePath = null; var boundary = MultipartRequestHelper.GetBoundary( MediaTypeHeaderValue.Parse(Request.ContentType), _defaultFormOptions.MultipartBoundaryLengthLimit); var reader = new MultipartReader(boundary, HttpContext.Request.Body); var section = await reader.ReadNextSectionAsync(); while (section != null) { ContentDispositionHeaderValue contentDisposition; var hasContentDispositionHeader = ContentDispositionHeaderValue.TryParse(section.ContentDisposition, out contentDisposition); if (hasContentDispositionHeader) { if (MultipartRequestHelper.HasFileContentDisposition(contentDisposition)) { targetFilePath = Path.GetTempFileName(); using (var targetStream = System.IO.File.Create(targetFilePath)) { await section.Body.CopyToAsync(targetStream); _logger.LogInformation($"Copied the uploaded file '{targetFilePath}'"); } } else if (MultipartRequestHelper.HasFormDataContentDisposition(contentDisposition)) { // Content-Disposition: form-data; name="key" // // value // Do not limit the key name length here because the // multipart headers length limit is already in effect. var key = HeaderUtilities.RemoveQuotes(contentDisposition.Name); var encoding = GetEncoding(section); using (var streamReader = new StreamReader( section.Body, encoding, detectEncodingFromByteOrderMarks: true, bufferSize: 1024, leaveOpen: true)) { // The value length limit is enforced by MultipartBodyLengthLimit var value = await streamReader.ReadToEndAsync(); if (String.Equals(value, "undefined", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) { value = String.Empty; } formAccumulator.Append(key, value); if (formAccumulator.ValueCount > _defaultFormOptions.ValueCountLimit) { throw new InvalidDataException($"Form key count limit {_defaultFormOptions.ValueCountLimit} exceeded."); } } } } // Drains any remaining section body that has not been consumed and // reads the headers for the next section. section = await reader.ReadNextSectionAsync(); } // Bind form data to a model var user = new User(); var formValueProvider = new FormValueProvider( BindingSource.Form, new FormCollection(formAccumulator.GetResults()), CultureInfo.CurrentCulture); var bindingSuccessful = await TryUpdateModelAsync(user, prefix: "", valueProvider: formValueProvider); if (!bindingSuccessful) { if (!ModelState.IsValid) { return BadRequest(ModelState); } } var uploadedData = new UploadedData() { Name = user.Name, Age = user.Age, Zipcode = user.Zipcode, FilePath = targetFilePath }; return Json(uploadedData); }
    

Troubleshooting

Below are some common problems encountered when working with uploading files and their possible solutions.

Unexpected Not Found error with IIS

The following error indicates your file upload exceeds the server's configured maxAllowedContentLength:

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HTTP 404.13 - Not FoundThe request filtering module is configured to deny a request that exceeds the request content length.

The default setting is 30000000, which is approximately 28.6MB. The value can be customized by editing web.config:

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This setting only applies to IIS. The behavior doesn't occur by default when hosting on Kestrel. For more information, see .

Null Reference Exception with IFormFile

If your controller is accepting uploaded files using IFormFile but you find that the value is always null, confirm that your HTML form is specifying an enctype value of multipart/form-data. If this attribute isn't set on the <form> element, the file upload won't occur and any bound IFormFile arguments will be null.